Using Data For A Perfect Strategy

Fabliha Afia:

INTRODUCTION

A website for Sustainable Development in Bangladesh should be built. Sustainable development has 17 goals (SDGs). Each of these goals have targets and indicators. If data is collected for all the targets and indicators and regularly updated, then the system will be more organised and the progress will be easier to monitor. This will also ensure better coordination.

If such a website is built then the system will be transparent, accessible and easy to monitor. Anyone will be able to access the information, anytime and from anywhere.

HOW ACCESS TO INFORMATION WILL HELP

Availability of information will give a better view and make it easier to monitor the progress of the SDGs. This will help to form a better understanding of what further needs to be done to meet the SDGs.^[1]

For example, SDG 3 is good health and well-being. The United Nations (UN) has defined 13 Targets and 28 Indicators for SDG 3. Each of the indicators will be analysed to explain how data can help form the perfect strategy and thus help achieve SDG 3 by 2030. The indicators of SDG 3 are as follows:

 3.1.1 In Bangladesh the maternal mortality ratio was 176 per 100,000 live births in 2015. Thus on a scale of 1 – 6 (1 being the best), the global target reached is 3. Thus from this information it can be understood that yearly the number of deaths should be decreased in order to reach the global target of 70 per 100,000 live births per year by 2030.

This data can be further analysed to set yearly targets of the level of reduction required by a simple calculation. The difference that needs to be met is [(176 – 70 = 106 per 100,000 live births) in (2030 – 2020 = 10 years)] 106 per 100,000 live births in 10 years. Thus on an average each year the level of reduction required will be (106 ÷ 10 = 10.6) 10.6 per 100,000 live births to reach the global target of 70 per 100,000 live births per year by 2030.

3.1.2 The percentage of births attended by skilled health staff in Bangladesh in 2016 was 49.8%. Thus on a scale of 1 – 10 (10 being the best), the global target reached is 5. Although there is no goal specified by the UN for the share of births attended by skilled staff, but aiming for the best, from this information it can be understood that access to such service should be increased yearly to reach 70% – 100% by 2030.

This data can be further analysed to set yearly targets of the level of increase required by a simple calculation. Taking 70% to be the target level, the difference that needs to be met is [(70 – 49.8 = 20.2%) in (2030 – 2020 = 10 years)] 20.2% in 10 years. Thus on an average each year the level of increase required will be (20.2 ÷ 10 = 2.02%) 2.02% to reach the target of 70% by 2030.

3.2.1 Child mortality rate in Bangladesh in 2017 was 32.40 deaths per 1,000 live births. Thus on a scale of 1 – 7 (1 being the best), the global target reached is 2. Thus from this information it can be understood that yearly the number of deaths needs to be reduced in order to reach the target of  less than 25 deaths per 1,000 live births per year by 2030.

This data can be further analysed to set yearly targets of the level of reduction required by a simple calculation. The difference that needs to be met is [(32.40 – 25 = 7.4 per 1,000 live births) in (2030 – 2020 = 10 years)] 7.4 per 1,000 live births in 10 years. Thus on an average each year the level of reduction required will be (7.4 ÷ 10 = 0.74) 0.74 per 1,000 live births to reach the target of 25 deaths per 1,000 live births per year by 2030.

3.2.2 Neonatal mortality rate in Bangladesh in 2017 was 18.4 per 1,000 live births. Thus on a scale of 1 – 6 (1 being the best), the global target reached is 3. Thus from this information it can be understood that yearly the number of deaths needs to be reduced in order to reach the target of  12 deaths per 1,000 live births per year by 2030.

This data can be further analysed to set yearly targets of the level of reduction required by a simple calculation. The difference that needs to be met is [(18.4 – 12 = 6.4 per 1,000 live births) in (2030 – 2020 = 10 years)] 6.4 per 1,000 live births in 10 years. Thus on an average each year the level of reduction required will be (6.4÷ 10 = 0.64) 0.64 per 1,000 live births to reach the target of 12 deaths per 1,000 live births per year by 2030.

3.3.1 In Bangladesh the number of HIV infections per 1,000 in 2017 was 0.02 per 1,000 uninfected population. Thus on a scale of 1 – 8 (1 being the best), the global target reached is 1. Although the target level of reduction is not defined, but aiming for the best, from this information it can be understood that the minimum target is reached and yearly the low number of patients should be maintained.

3.3.2 In Bangladesh the tuberculosis incidence in 2016 was 221 per 100,000 people. Thus on a scale of 1 – 7 (1 being the best), the global target reached is 5. Thus from this information it can be understood that yearly the number of patients needs to be reduced in order to reach the target of  20 deaths per 100,000 by 2030 set by the World Health Organization’s Stop TB Partnership.

This data can be further analysed to set yearly targets of the level of reduction required by a simple calculation. The difference that needs to be met is [(221 – 20 = 201 per 100,000 people) in (2030 – 2020 = 10 years)] 201 per 100,000 people. Thus on an average each year the level of reduction required will be (201 ÷ 10 = 20.1) 20.1 per 100,000 people to reach the target of 20 deaths per 100,000 people per year by 2030.

3.3.3 In Bangladesh the malaria incidence in 2015 was 0.8 per 1,000 population at risk. Thus on a scale of 1 – 6 (1 being the best), the global target reached is 1. The WHO Global Technical Strategy has set a target of 9 or fewer cases of malaria per 1,000. Bangladesh meets the standard. Thus from this information it can be understood that yearly the number of patients should be kept low.

3.3.4 Hepatitis B incidence rate in Bangladesh in 2017 was 1,519 per 100,000 population. Thus on a scale of 1 – 8 (1 being the best), the global target reached is 5. Although the target level of reduction has not been defined, but aiming for the best, from this information it can be understood that the number of patients should be decreased yearly to reach 250 – 1,000 per 100,000 population by 2030.

This data can be further analysed to set yearly targets of the level of reduction required by a simple calculation. Taking 1,000 to be the target level, the difference that needs to be met is [(1519 – 1000 = 519 per 100,000 population) in (2030 – 2020 = 10 years)] 519 per 100,000 population in 10 years. Thus on an average each year the level of reduction required will be (519 ÷ 10 = 51.9) 51.9 per 100,000 population to reach the target of 1,000 per 100,000 population per year by 2030.

3.3.5 In Bangladesh the number of people requiring interventions against neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) in 2015 was 49.84 million. Thus on a scale of 1 – 7 (1 being the best), the global target reached is 5. Although the target level of reduction has not been defined, but aiming for the best, from this information it can be understood that the number of patients should be decreased yearly to reach 0 – 25 million by 2030.

This data can be further analysed to set yearly targets of the level of reduction required by a simple calculation. Taking 25 million to be the target level, the difference that needs to be met is [(49.84 – 25 = 24.84 million) in (2030 – 2020 = 10 years)] 24.84 million in 10 years. Thus on an average each year the level of reduction required will be (24.84 ÷ 10 = 2.484) 2.484 million to reach the target of 25 million per year by 2030.

3.4.1 In Bangladesh premature mortality from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in 2016 was 21.60%. Thus on a scale of 1 – 7 (1 being the best), the global target reached is 5. Thus from this information it can be understood that the number of deaths should be reduced to reach the goal of one-third reduction in all countries by 2030.

This data can be further analysed to set yearly targets of the level of reduction required by a simple calculation. Taking 20% to be the target level, the difference that needs to be met is [(21.60 – 20 = 1.6%) in (2030 – 2020 = 10 years)] 1.6% in 10 years. Thus on an average each year the level of reduction required will be (1.6 ÷ 10 = 0.16) 0.16% to reach the target of 20% per year by 2030.

3.4.2 Suicide mortality rate in Bangladesh in 2016 was 5.90 per 100,000 population. Thus on a scale of 1 – 10 (1 being the best), the global target reached is 3. Although the target level of reduction is not defined, but aiming for the best, from this information it can be understood that yearly the rate of suicide should be further reduced to reach 0 – 0.25 per 100,000 population by 2030.

This data can be further analysed to set yearly targets of the level of reduction required by a simple calculation. Taking 0.25 to be the target level, the difference that needs to be met is [(5.90 – 0.25 = 5.65 per 100,000 population) in (2030 – 2020 = 10 years)] 5.65 per 100,000 population in 10 years. Thus on an average each year the level of reduction required will be (5.65 ÷ 10 = 0.565) 0.565 per 100,000 population to reach the target of 0.25 per 100,000 population per year by 2030.

3.5.1 The goal of indicator 3.5.1 is to strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse across all countries. Data for this indicator is not available. Information is required for this indicator.

3.5.2 Harmful consumption of alcohol in Bangladesh in 2016 was 0 litres of pure alcohol per person aged 15 or older. Thus on a scale of 1 – 8 (1 being the best), the global target reached is 1. Although the target level of reduction is not defined, but aiming for the best, from this information it can be understood that the minimum level is reached and harmful consumption of alcohol should be kept low.

3.6.1 In Bangladesh the annual number of deaths from road traffic incidents in 2017 was  8.21 per 100,000 population. Thus on a scale of 1 – 10 (1 being the best), the global target reached is 2. Although the target is to halve the number of global deaths and injuries by 2020, but aiming for the best,  from this information it can be understood that yearly the number of such deaths and injuries should be further reduced to 0 – 5 per 100,000 annually by 2030.

This data can be further analysed to set yearly targets of the level of reduction required by a simple calculation. Taking 5 per 100,000 population to be the target level, the difference that needs to be met is [(8.21 – 5 = 3.21 per 100,000 population) in (2030 – 2020 = 10 years)] 3.21 per 100,000 population in 10 years. Thus on an average each year the level of reduction required will be (3.21 ÷ 10 = 0.321) 0.321 per 100,000 population to reach the target of 5 per 100,000 population per year by 2030.

3.7.1 In Bangladesh the percentage of married women ages 15-49 years whose need for family planning is satisfied with modern methods of contraception in 2014 was 72.60%. Thus on a scale of 1 – 10 (10 being the best), the global target reached is 8. Although the target level is not defined, but aiming for the best, from this information it can be understood that yearly the number should be increased to reach 80% – 100% by 2030.

This data can be further analysed to set yearly targets of the level of increase required by a simple calculation. Taking 80% to be the target level, the difference that needs to be met is [(80 – 72.60 = 7.4%) in (2030 – 2020 = 10 years)] 7.4% in 10 years. Thus on an average each year the level of increase required will be (7.4 ÷ 10 = 0.74) 0.74% to reach the target of 80% per year by 2030.

3.7.2 In Bangladesh the adolescent birth rate of women aged 15-19 years old in 2016 was  84.41 births per 1,000 women. Thus on a scale of 1 – 10 (1 being the best), the global target reached is 6. Although the target level is not defined, but aiming for the best, from this information it can be understood that the number should be reduced yearly to reach 0 – 50 births by 2030.

This data can be further analysed to set yearly targets of the level of reduction required by a simple calculation. Taking 50 births to be target level, the difference that needs to be met is [(84.41 – 50 = 34.41 births per 1,000 women) in (2030 – 2020 = 10 years)] 34.41 births per 1,000 women in 10 years. Thus on an average each year the level of reduction required will be (34.41 ÷ 10 = 3.441) 3.441 births per 1,000 women to reach the target of 50 births per 1,000 women per year by 2030.

As for girls aged 10-14 years old the data is not available. The data is required.

3.8.1 In Bangladesh the coverage of essential health services in 2015 was 51.70 according to healthcare access and quality (HAQ) index. Thus on a scale of 1 – 10 (10 being the best), the global target reached is 6. Although the target level is not defined, but aiming for the best, from this information it can be understood that the ratio should be further increased to 70 – 100 by 2030.

This data can be further analysed to set yearly targets of the level of increase required by a simple calculation. Taking 70 to be the target level, the difference that needs to be met is [(70 – 51.70 = 18.3) in (2030 – 2020 = 10 years)] 18.3 in 10 years. Thus on an average each year the level of increase required will be (18.3 ÷ 10 = 1.83) 1.83 to reach the target of 70 per year by 2030.

3.8.2 The goal of indicator 3.8.2 is to achieve universal health coverage including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all. Data for this indicator is not available. Data is required.

3.9.1 The death rates from air pollution in Bangladesh in 2017 was 112.01 per 100,000 individuals (8.54 from outdoor ozone pollution, 41.49 from outdoor particulate pollution, 61.99 from household pollution). Thus on a scale of 1 – 12 (1 being the best), the global target reached for outdoor particulate pollution is 5. And on a scale of 1 – 6 (1 being the best), the global target reached for household pollution is 4. Although a quantitative target level is not defined, but aiming for the best, from this information it can be understood that the air pollution should be decreased to reach 50 per 100,000 individuals by 2030.

This data can be further analysed to set yearly targets of the level of reduction required by a simple calculation. The difference that needs to be met is [(112.01 – 50 = 62.01 per 100,000 individuals) in (2030 – 2020 = 10 years)] 62.01 per 100,000 individuals in 10 years. Thus on an average each year the level of reduction required will be (62.01 ÷ 10 = 6.201) 6.201 per 100,000 individuals to reach the target of 50 per 100,000 individuals per year by 2030.

3.9.2 Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in 2016 was 35.96 per 100,000 population. Thus on a scale of 1 – 6 (1 being the best), the global target reached is 2. Although a quantitative target level is not defined, but aiming for the best, from this information it can be understood that the water pollution and contamination should be reduced to 0 – 20 per 100,000 population by 2030.

This data can be further analysed to set yearly targets of the level of reduction required by a simple calculation. Taking 20 per 100,000 population to be the target level, the difference that needs to be met is [(35.96 – 20 = 15.96 per 100,000 population) in (2030 – 2020 = 10 years)] 15.96 per 100,000 population in 10 years. Thus on an average each year the level of reduction required will be (15.96 ÷ 10 = 1.596) 1.596 per 100,000 population to reach the target of 20 per 100,000 population per year by 2030.

3.9.3 The death rate from unintentional poisoning in Bangladesh in 2017 was 0.36 per 100,000 individuals. Thus on a scale of 1 – 10 (1 being the best), the global target reached is 1. Although the target level is not defined, but aiming for the best, from this information it can be understood that the minimum level is reached and the death level should be kept low.

3.A.1 Share of the population aged 15 years or older who smoke tobacco daily in Bangladesh in 2016 the ratio was 22.80%. Thus on a scale of 1 – 5 (1 being the best), the global target reached is 3. Although  the level of tobacco use is not specified, but aiming for the best, from this information it can be understood that the ratio should be reduced to 0% – 18% by 2030.

This data can be further analysed to set yearly targets of the level of reduction required by a simple calculation. Taking 18% to be the target level, the difference that needs to be met is [(22.80 – 18 = 4.8%) in (2030 – 2020 = 10 years)] 4.8% in 10 years. Thus on an average each year the level of reduction required will be (4.8 ÷ 10 = 0.48) 0.48% to reach the target of 18% per year by 2030.

3.B.1 In Bangladesh the share of children who received key vaccines in 2016 was 94.27%. Thus on a scale of 1 – 8 (8 being the best), the global target reached is 8. This meets the goal of coverage for all. From this information it can be understood that the access to vaccines should be maintained.

3.B.2 Gross official development assistance (ODA) for medical research and basic health sectors is measured in constant 2015 US$. In 2015 the ODA was $222.42 billion.

3.B.3 The goal of indicator 3.B.3 is to ensure affordable access to essential medicines for all by 2030. The list of medicines considered essential is provided by WHO Taskforce on Innovative International Financing for Health Systems. Data for this indicator is not available. The information is required.

3.C.1 The number of medical doctors which includes generalist physicians and specialist medical practitioners in Bangladesh in 2015 was 0.47 per 1,000 people. Thus on a scale of 1 – 8 (8 being the best), the global target reached is 2. The goal is to substantially increase the health workers, thus from this information it can be understood that the number of health workforce should be substantially increased to 1 – 6 per 1,000 people by 2030.

This data can be further analysed to set yearly targets of the level of increase required by a simple calculation. Taking 2 per 1,000 population to be the target level, the difference that needs to be met is [(2 – 0.47 = 1.53 per 1,000 population) in (2030 – 2020 = 10 years)] 1.53 per 1,000 population in 10 years. Thus on an average each year the level of increase required will be (1.53 ÷ 10 = 0.153) 0.153 per 1,000 population to reach the target of 2 per 1,000 population per year by 2030.

3.D.1 According to International Health Regulations (IHR) core capacity index 2018, Bangladesh has attained 80% in IHR Coordination and National IHR Focal Point Functions, 80% in zoonotic events and the human-animal interface, 60% in health service provision, 60% in risk communication, 60% in points of entry, 60% in legislation and financing, 47% in national health emergency framework, 40% in chemical events, 40% in human resources, 40% in food safety, and 40% in radiation emergencies. Although there is no target level set, but aiming for the best, from this information it can be understood that the percentage of the core capacities should be further increased to 100% by 2030.

This data can be further analysed to set yearly targets of the level of increase required by a simple calculation. The difference that needs to be met for IHR Coordination and National IHR Focal Point Functions is [(100 – 80 = 20%) in (2030 – 2020 = 10 years)] 20% in 10 years. Thus on an average each year the level of increase required will be (20 ÷ 10 = 2) 2% to reach the target of 100% by 2030. The difference that needs to be met for zoonotic events and the human-animal interface is [(100 – 80 = 20%) in (2030 – 2020 = 10 years)] 20% in 10 years. Thus on an average each year the level of increase required will be (20 ÷ 10 = 2) 2% to reach the target of 100% by 2030. The difference that needs to be met for health service provision is [(100 – 60 = 40%) in (2030 – 2020 = 10 years)] 40% in 10 years. Thus on an average each year the level of increase required will be (40 ÷ 10 = 4) 4% to reach the target of 100% by 2030. The difference that needs to be met for risk communication is [(100 – 60 = 40%) in (2030 – 2020 = 10 years)] 40% in 10 years. Thus on an average each year the level of increase required will be (40 ÷ 10 = 4) 4% to reach the target of 100% by 2030. The difference that needs to be met for points of entry is [(100 – 60 = 40%) in (2030 – 2020 = 10 years)] 40% in 10 years. Thus on an average each year the level of increase required will be (40 ÷ 10 = 4) 4% to reach the target of 100% by 2030. The difference that needs to be met for legislation and financing is [(100 – 60 = 40%) in (2030 – 2020 = 10 years)] 40% in 10 years. Thus on an average each year the level of increase required will be (40 ÷ 10 = 4) 4% to reach the target of 100% by 2030. The difference that needs to be met for the national health emergency framework is [(100 – 47 = 53%) in (2030 – 2020 = 10 years)] 53% in 10 years. Thus on an average each year the level of increase required will be (53 ÷ 10 = 5.3) 5.3% to reach the target of 100% by 2030. The difference that needs to be met for chemical events is [(100 – 40 = 60%) in (2030 – 2020 = 10 years)] 60% in 10 years. Thus on an average each year the level of increase required will be (60 ÷ 10 = 6) 6% to reach the target of 100% by 2030. The difference that needs to be met for human resources is [(100 – 40 = 60%) in (2030 – 2020 = 10 years)] 60% in 10 years. Thus on an average each year the level of increase required will be (60 ÷ 10 = 6) 6% to reach the target of 100% by 2030. The difference that needs to be met for food safety is [(100 – 40 = 60%) in (2030 – 2020 = 10 years)] 60% in 10 years. Thus on an average each year the level of increase required will be (60 ÷ 10 = 6) 6% to reach the target of 100% by 2030. The difference that needs to be met for radiation emergencies is [(100 – 40 = 60%) in (2030 – 2020 = 10 years)] 60% in 10 years. Thus on an average each year the level of increase required will be (60 ÷ 10 = 6) 6% to reach the target of 100% by 2030.

MONITORING BY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Data can be further used to set target levels daily, weekly and monthly accordingly for the SDGs. Artificial intelligence can also be affiliated to monitor such progress, and in case of any variation (high/low) from the target level set, then everyone concerned can be notified by email and text message. Thus the variation can be looked into and the progress can be maintained. Thus such a system will enable easy monitoring and efficiency.

DATA REQUIRED FOR SDG 3

Thus for example to monitor the progress of SDG 3 the kind of data required are as follows:^[2]

1. Total number of hospitals, clinics and healthcare centres in an area, in a district, and in the country. This data can be made available by chart and map format. Such information will give clarity. It will help to understand which location requires hospitals, clinics and health care centres and accordingly initiatives can be taken to fill the gap.
2. National health line numbers and online services. The number of doctors available for such service. This data can be made available by chart as additional information. Such information will give clarity and raise awareness of the facilities available.
3. List of treatments provided in an area, in a district, and in the country. This data can be made available by chart and map format. Such information will give clarity. It will help to understand which service is required in a particular location and accordingly initiatives can be taken.
4. Average life expectancy in the country. This data can be made available by chart as additional information. Such information will give clarity. It will help to monitor the life expectancy in the country.
5. The number of women who die from pregnancy-related causes while pregnant or within 42 days of pregnancy termination (3.1.1). The total number of such deaths in an area, in a district, and in the country. This data can be made available by chart and map format.^[3] Such information will give clarity. It will help to understand in which location pregnant women need more health care and thus by providing such treatment and care the number of such deaths can be reduced.
6. The number of births attended by skilled health staff (3.1.2). The total number of such attendance in an area, in a district, and in the country. This data can be made available by chart and map format.^[4] Such information will give clarity. It will help to understand in which location more skilled health staff is required and thus providing such skilled health staff increase the ratio.

Child mortality rate by sex should also be included as additional information.

7. The number of children who die before their 5th birthday (3.2.1). The total number of such deaths in an area, in a district, and in the country. This data can be made available by chart and map format.^[5] Such information will give clarity. It will help to understand in which location children below 5 need more health care and thus by providing such treatment and care the number of such deaths can be reduced.
8. The number of babies who die before reaching 28 days of age (3.2.2). The total number of such deaths in an area, in a district, and in the country. This data can be made available by chart and map format.^[6] Such information will give clarity. It will help to understand in which location babies need more health care and thus by providing such treatment and care the number of such deaths can be reduced.
9. The number of new HIV patients and their age (3.3.1). The total number of such patients in an area, in a district, and in the country. This data can be made available by chart and map format.^[7] Such information will give clarity. It will help to monitor and maintain the minimum level.

Share of population infected with HIV, HIV death rates, and Number of HIV deaths should also be included as additional information.

10. The number of tuberculosis patients (3.3.2). The total number of such patients in an area, in a district, and in the country. This data can be made available by chart and map format.^[8] Such information will give clarity. It will help to understand in which location people need more health care and thus by providing such treatment and care the number of such patients can be reduced.

Tuberculosis death rates, and Number of tuberculosis deaths should also be included as additional information.

11. The number of malaria patients (3.3.3). The total number of such patients in an area, in a district, and in the country. This data can be made available by chart and map format.^[9] Such information will give clarity. It will help to monitor and maintain the minimum level.

Malaria death rates, and Number of malaria deaths should also be included as additional information.

12. The number of Hepatitis B patients (3.3.4). The total number of such patients in an area, in a district, and in the country. This data can be made available by chart and map format.^[10] Such information will give clarity. It will help to understand in which location people need more health care and thus by providing such treatment and care the number of such patients can be reduced.

Hepatitis death rates should also be included as additional information.

13. The number of patients who require treatment and care for each of the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) (3.3.5). The total number of such patients in an area, in a district, and in the country. This data can be made available by chart and map format.^[11] Such information will give clarity. It will help to understand in which location people need more health care and thus by providing such treatment and care the number of such patients can be reduced.
14. The number of people above 30 who die before their 70th birthday from any of the cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetics, or chronic respiratory disease (3.4.1). The total number of such deaths in an area, in a district, and in the country. This data can be made available by chart and map format.^[12] Such information will give clarity. It will help to understand in which location people need more health care and thus by providing such treatment and care the number of such deaths can be reduced.

Cancer death rates, Cardiovascular disease (CVD) death rates, and Stroke death rates should also be included as additional information.

15. The number of deaths from suicide (3.4.2). The total number of such deaths in an area, in a district, and in the country. And the cause of suicide. This data can be made available by chart and map format.^[13] Such information will give clarity. It will help to understand the cause of suicide and thus by raising social awareness the number of such desths can be reduced.

Number of suicide deaths, and Share of population with depression should also be included as additional information.

16. The number of people with substance use disorder who receive treatment in the form of pharmacological, psychosocial, rehabilitation or aftercare services (3.5.1). The total number of such patients in an area, in a district, and in the country. This data can be made available by chart and map format.^[14] Such information will give clarity. It will help to understand in which location people abuse substance and thus accordingly strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse.
17. The number of people above 15 who consumes alcohol in a harmful way (3.5.2). The total number of such people in an area, in a district, and in the country. This data can be made available by chart and map format.^[15] Such information will give clarity. It will help to maintain the minimum level.

Share of population with alcohol use disorders, Share of population with drug use disorders, and Prevalence of substance use disorders by sex should also be included as additional information.

18. The number of road traffic deaths and injuries which includes vehicle drivers, passengers, motorcyclists, cyclists and pedestrians (3.6.1). The total number of such deaths and injuries in an area, in a district, and in the country. This data can be made available by chart and map format.^[16] Such information will give clarity. It will help to understand in which location implementation of the law needs to be strengthened and thus by such implementation reduce the number of accidents.
19. Access to sexual and reproductive healthcare services, including family planning (3.7.1). The total number of married women aged 15-49 who have access to such services in an area, in a district, and in the country. This data can be made available by chart and map format.^[17] Such information will give clarity. It will help to understand in which location women need this service and thus by making such healthcare accessible, increase the ratio.

Unmet need for contraception, and Contraception prevalence, any methods should also be included as additional information.

20. The number of adolescent births (aged 10-14 years; aged 15-19 years) (3.7.2). The total number of adolescent births in an area, in a district, and in the country. This data can be made available by chart and map format.^[18] Such information will give clarity. It will help to understand in which location adolescent girls need sexual and reproductive healthcare services and thus by making such healthcare accessible, decrease the ratio.
21. Access to universal health coverage including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all (3.8.1). The total number of people who have access to universal health coverage in an area, in a district and in the country. This data can be made available by chart and map format.^[19] Such information will give clarity. It will help to understand in which location people need this service and thus by making such healthcare accessible, increase the ratio.
22. The number of people who spends more than 25% of total household expenditure or income on health (3.8.2). The total number of such people in an area, in a district, and in the country. This data can be made available by chart and map format.^[20] Such information will give clarity. It will help to understand in which location people have large household expenditures on health and need access to health coverage. Thus by making such healthcare accessible, increase the ratio of health coverage.

Out-of-pocket expenditure on healthcare, Risk of catastrophic expenditure for surgical care, and Risk of impoverishing expenditure for surgical care should also be included as additional information.

23. The number of deaths and illnesses from air pollution (outdoor ozone pollution, outdoor particulate pollution, household pollution) (3.9.1). The total number of such deaths and illnesses in an area, in a district, and in the country from air pollution. This data can be made available by chart and map format.^[21] Such information will give clarity. It will help to understand in which location and which sources of air pollution needs to be reduced. And by taking appropriate measures, decrease the ratio.
24. The number of deaths and illnesses from water pollution and contamination (3.9.2). The total number of such deaths and illnesses in an area, in a district, and in the country. This data can be made available by chart and map format.^[22] Such information will give clarity. It will help to understand in which location and which sources of water pollution needs to be reduced. And by taking appropriate measures, decrease the ratio.

Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, and Mortality rate attributable to unsafe sanitation should also be included as additional information.

25. The number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and soil pollution (3.9.3). The total number of such deaths and illnesses in an area, in a district, and in the country. This data can be made available by chart and map format.^[23] Such information will give clarity. It will help to maintain the minimum level.
26. The number of people aged 15 or above who smoke tobacco daily (3.A.1). The data can be made available by chart.^[24] Such information will give clarity. It will help to understand the ratio of smokers and accordingly by raising social awareness the ratio of smokers can be reduced.

Daily smoking in people aged 10 or older, Share of men who smoke, Share of women who smoke, Death rate from tobacco smoking, and Deaths attributed to smoking and secondhand smoke should also be included as additional information.

27. The number of children who receive key vaccines (3.B.1). The total number of children in an area, in a district, and in the country. This data can be made available by chart and map format.^[25] Such information will give clarity. It will help to maintain the maximum level.

Share of children who receive other vaccines should also be included as additional information.

28. The net official development assistance (ODA) (3.B.2). The total ODA in each year can be made available by chart format.^[26] Such information will give clarity and maintain transparency.
29. Affordable access to essential medicines (3.B.3). The list of essential medicines is determined by the report of WHO Taskforce on Innovative International Financing for Health Systems. This data can be made available by chart and map format.^[27] Such information will give clarity. It will help to understand whether there is affordable access to essential medicines.
30. The number of physicians, surgeons, nurses and midwives, dentistry and pharmaceutical personnel (3.C.1). The total number of health workforce in an area, in a district, and in the country can be made available by chart and map format.^[28] Such information will give clarity. It will help to understand in which location health worker density should be increased and thus by taking appropriate measures increase the ratio.
31. The number of medical colleges and universities. The total number of medical educational institutes in an area, in a district, and in the country. This data can be made available by chart and map format as additional information. Such data will give clarity. It will help to understand which location requires more medical educational institutions and accordingly steps can be taken to increase the ratio.
32. The International Health Regulations (IHR) capacity and health emergency preparedness (3.D.1). This data can be made available by chart.^[29] Such information will give clarity. It will help to understand and monitor the progress.

The sources of the data should also be made available for all the SDGs.^[30] This will ensure clarity and transparency.

CONCLUSION 

Under the leadership of the Honourable Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, Bangladesh is striving towards the achievement of sustainable development. If more systematic and organised information is available of all the SDGs in a website, then it will give more clarity, it will increase efficiency, it will enable easy monitoring of the progress, it will also enable to form effective strategies, and achievement of the SDGs by 2030 will become a reality.

^[1] SDG Tracker – SDG 3 <https://sdg-tracker.org/good-health> accessed 19 April 2020

^[2] SDG Tracker – SDG 3 <https://sdg-tracker.org/good-health> accessed 19 April 2020

^[3] Ibid.

^[4] Ibid.

^[5] Ibid.

^[6] Ibid.

^[7] Ibid.

^[8] Ibid.

^[9] Ibid.

^[10] Ibid.

^[11] Ibid.

^[12] Ibid.

^[13] Ibid.

^[14] Ibid.

^[15] Ibid.

^[16] Ibid.

^[17] Ibid.

^[18] Ibid.

^[19] Ibid.

^[20] Ibid.

^[21] Ibid.

^[22] Ibid.

^[23] Ibid.

^[24] Ibid.

^[25] Ibid.

^[26] Ibid.

^[27] Ibid.

^[28] Ibid.

^[29] Ibid.

^[30] Ibid.

: The Writer is a Barrister-at-Law.